3,177 research outputs found

    A Two-Step Approach for Transforming Continuous Variables to Normal: Implications and Recommendations for IS Research

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    This article describes and demonstrates a two-step approach for transforming non-normally distributed continuous variables to become normally distributed. Step 1 involves transforming the variable into a percentile rank, which will result in uniformly distributed probabilities. The second step applies the inverse-normal transformation to the results of Step 1 to form a variable consisting of normally distributed z-scores. The approach is little-known outside the statistics literature, has been scarcely used in the social sciences, and has not been used in any IS study. The article illustrates how to implement the approach in Excel, SPSS, and SAS and explains implications and recommendations for IS research

    Estimation and Analysis of Expenses of In-Lieu-Fee Projects that Mitigate Damage to Streams from Land Disturbance in North Carolina

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    As North Carolina’s economy has grown, the need to mitigate adverse impacts of land disturbance on aquatic ecosystems has also grown. When land disturbance adversely affects streams, a developer or the state’s Department of Transportation can satisfy mitigation requirements through payment of fees to the state’s Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP). EEP then manages a stream mitigation project on behalf of the responsible party. EEP has had regulatory authority to require stream mitigation for 10 years. The needs of EEP to reassess its mitigation fee and identify ways to reduce costs of the program have grown over the decade. The first objective of this study was to account for all EEP expenses of design-bid and design-bid-build projects. The second objective was to analyze the determinants of contractual expenses with a cost function. EEP has spent or committed to spend 46.34millionfor45designbuildordesignbidbuildprojectstorestoreorenhance191,374ft.ofstreams.Expensesperfoothavebeen46.34 million for 45 design-build or designbid-build projects to restore or enhance 191,374 ft. of streams. Expenses per foot have been 242.12. Given its mandate to cover expenses for stream mitigation, EEP must raise mitigation fees, especially those for urban projects, make changes to reduce project expenses, or do both. As the length of a restored or enhanced stream increases, the expenses per foot decrease. The decrease is more pronounced in undeveloped, rural areas. Thus, EEP could produce mitigation for less expense by financing fewer projects with longer reaches or by financing more projects in undeveloped, rural areas. Other states with in-lieu-fee programs for compensatory mitigation might also use these results to reduce contractual expenses.Environmental Economics and Policy,

    Tutorial of an Ontological Support System

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    This tutorial describes a technology-mediated solution, the ontological support system (OSS), for specifying, organizing, representing and using elements of meaning in a body of knowledge. Theoretically influenced by ontological specification, the OSS was validated through iterative prototyping in a companion CAIS research paper. This article reports on how the OSS guides users through several content analysis phases (selection, delineation, transfer and use of content) in the context of academic research. Users typically find the system to be useful, easy to use and compatible with collaborative work when using it for content analysis in academic research

    EVALUATING THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF THE TWOSTEP TRANSFORMATION TOWARD NORMALITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MIS RESEARCH

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    This paper empirically evaluates the usefulness of the Two-Step approach for transforming continuous variables toward normality. The study uses 27 corporate financial performance (CFP) variables on 39,216 US corporations to compare three variable sets: 1) random-normal, 2) original, and 3) transformed toward normality using the Two-Step. The results of several statistical procedures relevant to formative index (construct) construction are used to compare the three variable forms. The results provide strong evidence that the Two-Step approach is useful for 1) achieving normality improvements in continuous variables, 2) improve sampling adequacy for factor analysis, 3) dramatically increase intercorrelations, and 4) dramatically increase main effects tests involving the CFP variables. The findings have tremendous implications for MIS research and practice, as the Two-Step technique is shown here to change effects tests significantly and consequently has profound implications for the advancement of the MIS discipline and practical applications (e.g., data mining)
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